Tuesday, July 29, 2014

When words may make sense till now | abbaa



This is the article published for the 25th anniversary of the St.
Filaret Institute of Moscow. This is the translation of the interview I
gave to Lauren Gelfond Feldinger and published in the Jeruslaem Post
(2005).   It makes sense somehow that some friends have put it on these
days. I dedicate my life to Jewishness and Christianity and the Oneness
of faith in the One God, in the One Jerusalem. A survivor, brought up to
constantly pardon and atone and be good, a "mentsh\מענטש" or at least
do my best to reach this. A sort of flying unidentified subject, I daily
bear compliments, greetings and simultaneously disdain and rejection.
Not bitter herbs but a path to bring smiles, laughters, goodness with a
glimpse that "no, don't worry, I know you betray". This article was put
on yesterday, an oportunity to say that an open Eastern Orthodox priest,
a Jew (and no Jew is authorized in my opinion to leave Israel as
Jewishness because of the immense miracle of our present being), a
Hebraist and Yiddishist, Aramaic-educated teen... Ukrainian-born and
Soviet citizen at first, then European with a touch of South Africa,
normal in Israeli society. The miracle is to be at the service of the
Greek Rum-Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. I am there at home, among
Arabs and Greek and one single Romanian. But look, think it over: the
Israeli Christians do not exist for those who with fervor pray for peace
at the moment. Not a word on us, just the usual way and all the
specialists, reporters, religious correspondents and fervent believers
split our society more than we do, definitely not what I am doing
because I cross the walls as a sort of what the French call
"passe-partout". Crossing the many diachronic and synchronic layers of
faith and creeds in God. But we do not exist, not only those "so called
converted or Hebrew Christians"... No, Israeli society Christian are so
numerous, of all tongues and backgrounds, speaking and praying yes in
Hebrew for some or Arabic, but also all the languages of human nature
and soul. We do not exist... or there is rather this thick and dumpy,
concentrated opacity and blindness. There is a blind fortress for whom
links the unique oneness of Divine Providence shared in the Presence of
the Resurrected and the resurrection as confessed by the Jewish creed.
Passing the solid wall of hatred and alterity is thus a sacrifice of a
life. Looking ahead with tenderness (as survivors know the meaning of
miracle) and accept all, knowing that cheating us will be rewarded with
pardon and atonement as such is our call. Do pray for the Israeli
society faithful, all of them, now, at the present as united in the
Only-One and be good, just be good and share. Each soul and flesh is
more than our tiny sparrows...., let's pray and be human, humane.


"Необычный православный священник"

Статья посвящена жизни и обращению в христианство свящ. Александра
Виноградского, настоятеля храма свт. Николая в Старом городе Иерусалима  
3 марта 2005 года

14.10.2010
Что заставило бывшего ортодоксального иудея, родители которого
пережили Холокост, стать православным священником и служить
иммигрантам-христианам в Израиле?


Нет, историю его родителей обычной не назовешь, если, конечно,
история людей, переживших Холокост, вообще может быть обычной. Мать
Абрахама бен Баруха пережила концентрационный лагерь Майданек в Польше,
где погибли ее новорожденный сын и мать, а его отец остался в живых,
будучи участником французского сопротивления. Бен Барух родился в 1949
году в семье советских граждан, живших во Франции.


В юношестве родители Бен Баруха много способствовали его учению,
стремясь, чтобы он воспринял и их языки, и их философию: Талмуд, Тора,
еврейская литература, сионизм, иврит, идиш, русский, украинский… и язык
тех, кто совсем недавно убил до 300 человек его родных, – немецкий.


Проведшему детство в 50-е годы в нескольких западно- и
восточноевропейских странах Бен Баруху не всегда было понятно, почему
его родители так настаивали на этом. Ведь перенесшая страшную травму
мать больше никогда ни слова не произнесла по-немецки и не ступала на
немецкую землю, где ее семья жила когда-то до войны. Однако одно из
самых ярких воспоминаний о матери, оставшихся у него с детства, – о том,
как она упорно добивалась, чтобы в восьмилетнем возрасте он говорил
по-немецки безупречно чисто и без акцента. Тогда его послали изучать
язык в Австрию, в маленькую баварскую деревушку.


«Это очень в раввинистическом духе, – вспоминает он почти пять
десятилетий спустя. – Она говорила: «Ты принадлежишь к другому
поколению, твой долг – примириться с немцами. Это – дело вашего
поколения».


Эти ее слова впоследствии подтолкнули его избрать совершенно необычный путь.


В возрасте 24 лет, после изучения еврейского философа Эммануэля
Левинаса в Париже, сравнительного языкознания со специализацией на идише
в Копенгагене и раввинистического учения в Антверпене, он шел по улице в
Женеве и внезапно почувствовал импульс войти в церковь. Он зашел, как
любой любопытствующий турист, и вышел без каких-либо особенных ощущений.
Тем не менее, несколько месяцев спустя, уже в Париже, началось его
обращение в христианство.


Хотя сегодня его решение ставит в тупик и иудеев и христиан, он
говорит, что объяснить его не может никак, кроме как сказав, что это его
судьба – и крест.


После обращения и изучения православия он со временем стал диаконом
(или ведущим молитву в церкви) в 1987 году, а затем, в 1995, сделал
следующий шаг ища возможности более тесного общения с людьми – стал
священником.


Уже в этом качестве он не только общался с прихожанами православных
церквей, но читал лекции и преподавал сравнительное богословие и
лингвистику по всей Европе, пока в 1998 году его не пригласили служить в
Патриархии иерусалимской греческой православной церкви. Более шести лет
он служит православным христианам в Израиле, говорящим на славянских
языках, из которых многие, как и он сам, имеют еврейские корни.


Сегодня ему 56, и когда смотришь, как он пьет кофе в иерусалимском
кафе, то вся его личная и семейная история кажется скрытой под простым
черным облачением до полу и круглой шапочкой-таблеткой греческой
православной церкви. Хотя он по-прежнему отзывается на «Аврам», но
принял и русское имя, данное ему вместе с саном, – отец Александр.


Он говорит, Израильтяне часто глазеют на него, как в зоопарке. При
всем том, он не отказывался ни от своих корней, ни от своего народа.
Христиане тоже не могут понять и часто смущаются от его приговорок на
иврите и идише, цитат из Торы и Талмуда. При этом его не привлекает
учение мессианских евреев или евреев за Иисуса.


До сегодняшнего дня он никогда публично не рассказывал о своем прошлом и о своем пути.


Вы – иудей?


Я, естественно, принимаю веру и учение христиан, хотя не могу
сказать, что отказался от своего еврейского происхождения или иудейских
корней. Многие евреи оставляют иудаизм и становятся обычными,
нормальными христианами, отвергая свое прошлое, но я так не хочу, я хочу
оставаться тем, кто я есть. Я еврей, потому что связал себя с судьбой
еврейского народа, но только евреи могут засвидетельствовать, что я
действительной принадлежу к ним. Я не увлекаюсь мечтаниями о том, что мы
все – одно целое, как это делают некоторые христиане. Иудаизм и
христианство – разные вещи. Это может восприниматься как противоречие,
но так оно и есть, и здесь я не одинок. Есть много священников, евреев
по происхождению, которые много помогали израильскому обществу.


Как Ваша семья отнеслась к Вашему обращению?


Об этом трудно говорить, но моя семья считала, что меня для них не
существует, как если бы я умер. Но 20 лет назад, в последние дни своей
жизни, моя мать приняла меня и позволила помогать ей. Я помог отцу
поселиться в еврейском доме для престарелых и позднее похоронил их обоих
по иудейскому обычаю. Многие люди, обратившись в христианство,
стараются окрестить своих родителей, но я никогда не пытался повлиять на
их веру.


Как на Ваше представление о призвании повлияло то, что Вы родились в семье, выжившей в Холокост?


Я всегда считал, что мы не «выжили», а преодолели, победили «шоах».
Мне не нравится слово «выжившие» (survivors). Что бы ни произошло, мы
выживем. Христиане меня считают прежде всего евреем, и в каком-то
смысле, в частности потому, что я посвятил свою жизнь установлению
взаимопонимания и примирению между иудеями и христианами, я мог бы легко
избежать этих проблем, но я принимаю этот вызов сознательно, поскольку
любой шаг в сторону примирения и прощения кажется мне важным.


Из всех существующих форм христианства почему Вы выбрали именно византийское или восточное православие?


Я выбрал православие, т. к. оно ближе всего к иудейской традиции,
хотя обычно это стараются не замечать. Очень немногие христиане знакомы с
иудаизмом, и очень немногие иудеи знают христианский мир. Хотя в
Израиле сейчас все больше и больше выходит книг на иврите о
восточно-византийских исторических связях Святой Земли. Некоторые
уважаемые русские богословы (хотя и не всеми однозначно воспринимаемые),
как, например, Владимир Соловьев, указывали на эту связь и на то, как
важен иудаизм для православия.


Как Вы в себе примиряете противоречия между иудаизмом и христианством?


Не думаю, что это возможно. Понадобятся века, чтобы исправить то, что
накопилось за века взаимной неприязни и невежества. Я не хочу сейчас
говорить о конкретных различиях, потому что иногда это всего лишь личная
точка зрения, или то, что вам сказал кто-то, и совсем не обязательно
то, что есть на уровне закона в иудаизме или христианстве. Скажу только,
что стараюсь примириться и уважать всякую живую душу, любого человека,
живущего в этой стране.


Как Вас принимает иудейское общество в Израиле?


Однажды на площади Кикар-Цион (в Иерусалиме) израильские девушки
раздавали какие-то подарки (уж не помню, что) и давали всем, кроме меня.
Я их спросил, почему. Они ужасно удивились и стали спрашивать меня «Как
это священник говорит на иврите? Вам здесь не одиноко? У вас исповедь
бывает?»


Я им ответил: «ашамну, багадну, газалну» («мы виноваты, мы предавали,
мы грабили» – словами из иудейской исповеди «видуи»). Они были в шоке и
спросили, откуда я узнал эти слова. Я ответил: «Разве иудейский мир
закрыт для других? Разве о нем никто не знает?» Они очень обрадовались и
дали мне один из своих подарков.


Я говорю «шалом» всякому, с кем общаюсь. Нужно быть настоящим
человеком («менш» на идише), быть открытым, улыбаться, говорить не
боясь, и даже если меня отталкивают, я снова пытаюсь наладить общение.


Почему Вы приехали в Израиль?


Я всегда хотел жить в Израиле, с детства. Мои родители были сионистами.


Несколько родственников 120 лет назад выкупили земельный участок в
Хайфе, можно сказать, спонсировали страну. Многие годы я изучал
лингвистику и богословие и много ездил по Европе как преподаватель. В
это время была большая алия (эмиграция) из-за «закона о возвращении».
Для многих это создавало огромные проблемы национального самосознания,
особенно для тех, кто приезжал из бывшего Советского Союза из
«смешанных» семей, т. е. детей смешанных браков иудеев и христиан или
евреев, выросших в христианской среде.


В коммунистических странах люди всегда жили в страхе, постоянно
спрашивая себя, возводить ли вокруг себя стену или открыться для
большего понимания. Здесь они теперь не знают, где они находятся, где
свое, а где чужое, и мне хочется помочь им открыться для понимания, а не
отвержения и ненависти.


В 1998 г. в Греческой Православной Патриархии, решая, как поступить с
православными христианами-славянами с еврейскими корнями, узнали о том,
что есть такой православный священник из евреев, говорящий на
славянских языках. Покойный патриарх Диодор получил рекомендательное
письмо от православной церкви в Европе, где было написано, что я знаю и
Израиль, и Православие, что читал курсы об иудейских корнях православных
церквей, особенно в отношении происхождения богослужения и молитв. И
патриарх и Священный Синод пригласили меня сюда.


Я мог бы приехать и по «закону о возвращении», но я никогда ничего не просил у государства.


Прежде всего, я приехал сюда ради примирения иудеев и христиан, а
также потому, что хотел духовно окормлять православных верных, которые
приехали сюда после падения коммунистического режима в бывшем Советском
Союзе и других восточноевропейских странах. Я хотел помочь им жить в
соответствии со своей духовной традицией и помочь Израилю принять и
интегрировать этих людей в свое общество, с уважением относясь к их
духовным и культурным корням.


В Греческой Православной Церкви в Израиле в основном греческое
священство и арабская паства. Какой подход вы используете в
богослужениях для израильтян-иммигрантов из бывшего Советского Союза,
для которых и греческое, и арабское общество и культура чужды?


Я веду Литургию на 80 процентов на иврите. Для меня это решение имеет
и нравственную, и духовную подоплеку; от политики я стараюсь держаться в
стороне. В моем храме в Старом Городе –  Церкви Св. Николая – я молюсь
сначала на иврите, потом на современном русском, украинском, немного на
румынском, арабском и церковнославянском. Я стараюсь подстраиваться под
духовное понимание присутствующих.


Вокруг живут в основном арабы, но я служу на иврите, потому что наша
задача помочь инкультурации наших прихожан в израильское общество, чтобы
они могли полноценно жить в нем, а не просто быть русскими или бывшими
советскими людьми в Израиле. Я также объясняю им культурный контекст.
Когда мы читаем Евангелие, я часто провожу сравнения с параллельным
недельным циклом чтений из Торы и объясняю, что «это та этическая и
культурная среда, в которой вы живете». Я все время объясняю и
сравниваю.


Я не хочу служить только на одном каком-то языке, потому что Бог, я
думаю, принимает любой языке. В Талмуде (Сота 7:1) есть в точности та же
фраза, что и в Евангелии, в Книге Откровения, что Бог собрал людей «из
всех племен и колен, и народов и языков».


Гораздо интереснее и труднее объяснять значение Писания сегодня, для
современного человека. Многие семьи здесь смешанные, разного
происхождения, где только один из супругов или родственников еврей.
Задача связать иудейский образ жизни, который вокруг нас, с христианской
традицией, которая здесь зародилась. Гораздо лучше видеть общее, чем
систематически выстраивать стены и разделять группы людей.


С какими проблемами сталкиваются иммигранты-славяне, выросшие в
христианской среде, но имеющие еврейские корни? Как вы им помогаете, что
советуете?


У меня есть церковь, но меня больше заботит, чтобы у приезжающих сюда
и их детей была возможность стать нормальными израильскими гражданами,
оставаясь при этом самими собой.


Они в замешательстве, их разрывают изнутри вопросы о том, кто они, им
нужно обрести мир. Я стараюсь помочь им не пытаться отказаться от себя
или своей семьи. Они не знают, как себя вести, на ком жениться или за
кого выходить замуж, идти ли армию.


Я рассказываю им о христианском и иудейском отношении к жизни, говорю
им об израильских законах, ведь они не подозревают, что в этой стране
законы, защищающие права человека, очень сильны. Очень многим русским
или, скажем, эфиопам, трудно понять, что у них есть права и обязанности и
что с этим надо жить.


Если люди говорят, что не хотят служить в армии, я у них спрашиваю:
кто вас привез в Израиль? Для чего вы здесь? Можете ли вы этот опыт
служения в армии обратить на благо, прежде всего для себя? Я у них
спрашиваю: «Это ваша страна? Кто будет служить в полиции или в армии в
субботу?» Я им говорю: «Найдите способ найти свое место в этой новой
жизни в вашей новой стране».


Если живешь в этой стране, надо как-то соотносить себя с местными традициями.


Более того, христиане знают, что их долг – молиться и уважать власти и
наследие той страны, в которой они живут, ведь об этом говорит
Евангелие.


Как Греческая Православная Патриархия относится к вашим методам и убеждениям?


Есть люди, которые не понимают меня и не верят мне, есть те, кто не
уверен, что мне надо оставаться здесь. Но официально Греческая
Православная Патриархия меня поддерживает: они меня сюда привели, они же
дали мне храм. Они видят, что есть нужда, они официально поставили меня
во главе славянской израильской общины в рамках Греческого
Православного Патриархата.


У нашего патриарха Иринея есть приговорка, которая здесь очень
подходит: «Сига сига, швая швая, леат леат, но потихонечку» - то есть
«не торопясь» по-гречески, по-арабски, на иврите и по-русски.


Каково отношение греческой православной церкви к иудаизму?


У всех православных церквей сейчас большие проблемы с признанием
ценности современной иудейской традиции и ее связи с христианской
традицией. Причина проста: взаимное невежество или, лучше сказать,
отчуждение. Между иудеями и христианами в Израиле стена отчуждения
огромна, и, как всегда, это особенно чувствуется в Святой Земле, где от
политики никуда не уйдешь. Я пытаюсь, хотя это и очень непросто, пробить
брешь в этой взаимной и ежедневно возводимой стене непонимания и
незнания.


Церкви здесь исторически всегда были связаны с арабами, так что они
многое знают и принимают из мусульманского мира, как например
литургический язык Корана. Что же касается евреев и иудаизма, есть
какое-то неизменное невежество. Я стараюсь помочь установить хоть
какую-то связь, ведь контекст Евангелия весь целиком укоренен в
иудейской традиции первого века.


Есть некоторые точки пересечения, которые должны помочь установить
какие-то положительные связи. Например, и иврит, и греческий – древние
языки, которыми пользуются и в наше время. То, как они приспосабливаются
к современному миру, как выбирают слова для того, чтобы называть новые
вещи и идеи, очень похоже. Вера часто связана с такими «священными
языками». Тот факт, что они в современном мире используются в
разговорной речи, может помочь навести мостки между простым, народным и
«священным» в языке.


Наряду с другими писаниями в греческой православной церкви, как и в
других православных христианских церквях, читают Танах, т. е.
официальный греческий перевод семидесяти еврейских старцев из
Александрии или Септуагинту. Таким образом признается полноценность
еврейского текста и традиционного понимания Танаха. Кроме того, и этот
знаменитый перевод, да и язык Нового Завета полны семитизмов точно так
же, как Талмуд полон греческих слов.


Как иудеи и христиане Израиля воспринимают ваше отношение к примирению?


Существует взаимное невежество, что-то вроде слепоты, которая может
быть очень агрессивной, и с той, и с другой стороны. Например, если я
говорю, что «Шма Исраэль» трижды в Евангелиях произносится Иисусом,
большинство иудеев говорят, что не верят, что в Евангелии могут быть
такие священные иудейские слова. Большинство же христиан говорят, что
это не относится к евреям или иудаизму и что это надо толковать как
святые отцы. Задача – найти тот узкий путь, который даст произойти
встрече для тех, кто приехал сюда, особенно из коммунистических стран,
многие из смешанных семей и культур. В коммунистических странах говорить
правду не принято, если вообще что-либо говорить.


Большая «алия» из бывшего Советского Союза привела сюда множество
христиан из стран, где восточное христианство и иудаизм существовали в
очень похожей духовной обстановке, и когда появится возможность изучать и
сравнивать, скажем, Любавича и Бреслова или разные церковные традиции,
то можно будет многое понять, т. к. это влияет на многих наших прихожан и
их понимание здешней культуры. И таким образом как-то позволяет открыть
врата примирения.


Почему ваше понимание своего долга в отношении примирения сделало вас
христианским священником, а не раввином или активным деятелем иудаизма?


Я действительно разделяю христианский символ веры, хотя сам никогда
не объясняю его. С другой стороны, иудеям и христианам нужны такие
«живые мосты», которые можно было бы противопоставить тому, что раньше
было разрушено ненавистью или взаимными подозрениями.


Я выбрал путь христианина, который предполагает сознательное принятие риска быть отверженным и иудеями, и христианами.


Равви Лео Бек, главный раввин Германии, тоже переживший
концентрационные лагеря, однажды написал, что «обращения (из иудаизма)
редко являли дух смелой жертвы».


Мой путь включает и жертву. Все, что я сейчас делаю, это не то, как я
бы распорядился собой, но это прямой результат следования духовному
призванию. Это уже за пределами моей воли.


Лорэн Гельфонд Фельдингер, «Джерусалем Пост»

LAUREN GELFOND FELDINGER, THE JERUSALEM POST

3 марта 2005 г.



Священник Александр Виноградский

Monday, July 21, 2014

Achtiname 1

We can be very strange in the way we consider our rights and not our duties, others' responsibilities or defects and ours'.

In 626 A.D., i. e. the second year of the Hegira and the giving of the Spirit according to the Muslim comput, it is said that Muhammad decided to secure the life of the Christians of the monks of the Monastery of Saint Katharina by providing them with rules of tolerance, expressed by the Act of "Achtiname". Later on, in the same form of a Document, a decree was granted by the Caliph Omar Ibn al Khattab, the conqueror of Jerusalem to Patriarch Sophronios of Jerusalem in the year 637 A.D.

This Decree is in force at the present and traditionally should rule the way the Christians have to be treated in the territories under Muslm (Islam's) rules and regulations, traditions and faith. These have extended from Arabia (Sinai, Arab Peninsula, Jerusalem-Syria) to Iraq and Persia and then to the West (Egypt, Libya, North Africa till Morocco).

In the Church of Jerusalem, this Act or Decree (Covenant, Ahdname, Document, Testament) is considered as the major document regulating the life of the local Church of Jerusalem. It also applies to the local Churches as they were present and headed, according to the tradition of the Churches, by the Bishop and Patriarch of Jerusalem, thus the Eastern Orthodox successor of Patrairch Sophronios of Jerusalem. The text is published each year in the agenda of the Roman Orthodox Church of Jerusalem in Greek and Arabic (now also in Russian).

The original text was kept at the Saint Catherine's Monastery at the Sinai and has been destroyed. It is today at the very core of the relationships as the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem considers its relationships in the context of the Middle-East. The Western Churches have not paid the same attention to the Achtiname due to fact that "spiritual authority" is exercized from Rome or other former Roman Empire patriarchate or recent Church jurisdiction that have always been opposed to Islam and would not consider to recognize the spiritual value of the Achtiname.

Look today at the the Jewish calendar. In 1099, the "soldiers" of the First Crusade burnt the Jews of Jerusalem. At the present, violence continues, but the Western Churches do not take into account the theological, spiritual, mental, cultural, linguistic, "political and economic" consequences of the existing Decree. It is not mentioned anywhere and in any wise at the present as the Christians living under the traditional territories of Islam are drowning apart. They are submitted to some harsh process of removal as Semitic Church from the very beginning of the Church and of Islam.

This is a mistake showing how the Semitic world evolves in our days. The Church of Jerusalem conveys a task that continues to discuss with the Muslim Authorities through its territory and the whole of the Arab Peninsula with due respect to the traditional connection founded on the consequences of the Achtiname. This aspect is not known to estranged Church bodies that have to find their way to cope with our cultural and historical backgrounds.

(translation by Prelate Peacocke)
Muhammad the son of ‘Abd Allah, the Messenger of Allah, and careful guardian of the whole world; has wrote the present instrument to all those who are in his national people, and of his own religion, as a secure and positive promise to be accomplished to the Christian nation, and relations of the Nazarene, whosoever they may be, whether they be the noble or the vulgar, the honorable or otherwise, saying thus.
I. Whosoever of my nation shall presume to break my promise and oath, which is contained in this present agreement, destroys the promise of God, acts contrary to the oath, and will be a resister of the faith, (which God forbid) for he becomes worthy of the curse, whether he be the King himself, or a poor man, or whatever person he may be.
II. That whenever any of the monks in his travels shall happen to settle upon any mountain, hill, village, or other habitable place, on the sea, or in deserts, or in any convent, church, or house of prayer, I shall be in the midst of them, as the preserver and protector of them, their goods and effects, with my soul, aid, and protection, jointly with all my national people; because they are a part of my own people, and an honor to me.
III. Moreover, I command all officers not to require any poll-tax on them, or any other tribute, because they shall not be forced or compelled to anything of this kind.
IV. None shall presume to change their judges or governors, but they shall remain in their office, without being deported.
V. No one shall molest them when they are travelling on the road.
VI. Whatever churches they are possessed of, no one is to deprive them of them.
VII. Whosoever shall annul any of one of these my decrees, let him know positively that he annuls the ordinance of God.
VIII. Moreover, neither their judges, governors, monks, servants, disciples, or any others depending on them, shall pay any poll-tax, or be molested on that account, because I am their protector, wherever they shall be, either by land or sea, east or west, north or south; because both they and all that belong to them are included in this my promissory oath and patent.
IX. And of those that live quietly and solitary upon the mountains, they shall exact neither poll-tax nor tithes from their incomes, neither shall any Muslim partake of what they have; for they labor only to maintain themselves.
X. Whenever the crop of the earth shall be plentiful in its due time, the inhabitants shall be obliged out of every bushel to give them a certain measure.
XI. Neither in time of war shall they take them out of their habitations, nor compel them to go to the wars, nor even then shall they require of them any poll-tax.
In these eleven chapters is to be found whatever relates to the monks, as to the remaining seven chapters, they direct what relates to every Christian.
XII. Those Christians who are inhabitants, and with their riches and traffic are able to pay the poll-tax, shall pay no more than twelve drachms.
XIII. Excepting this, nothing shall be required of them, according to the express order of God, that says, ‘Do not molest those that have a veneration for the books that are sent from God, but rather in a kind manner give of your good things to them, and converse with them, and hinder everyone from molesting them’ [29:46].
XIV. If a Christian woman shall happen to marry a Muslim man, the Muslim shall not cross the inclination of his wife, to keep her from her church and prayers, and the practice of her religion.
XV. That no person hinder them from repairing their churches.
XVI. Whosoever acts contrary to my grant, or gives credit to anything contrary to it, becomes truly an apostate to God, and to his divine apostle, because this protection I have granted to them according to this promise.
XVII. No one shall bear arms against them, but, on the contrary, the Muslims shall wage war for them.
XVIII. And by this I ordain, that none of my nation shall presume to do or act contrary to this my promise, until the end of the world.
[Pococke, Richard. “A Description of the East and Some other Countries.” A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World: Many of which are Now First Translated Into English. Ed. John Pinkerton. London: Longman, 1809. 389-391.]

av aleksandr [Winogradsky Frenkel]


Copy of the Achtiname as it is in the office of Patriarch Theophilos of Jerusalem (in Arabic), I photographed it some years ago.Copy of the Achtiname as it is in the office of Patriarch Theophilos of Jerusalem (in Arabic), I photographed it some years ago.

Sunday, July 13, 2014

Don’t fear, don’t be afraid – אל-תירא – не бойтесь!

ידידים, בימים הקשים האלה נתפלל באמונה ''חזק חזק ונתחזק'' לכל בית ישראל והגר הגר בתוכם. С праздником светлым Свв. славных и всехвальных первоверховных апостолов Петра-Каифа и Павла-Саула. всех благ всем. A peaceful time for all Eretz Israel and all those residing in the Holy Land. Blessed Feast of the Sts. Apostles Peter-Shimon-Caiaphas and Paul-Saul and the whole Body of the Church.

Full Moon today over the Fertile Crescent. Indeed, a crescent that is fertile and embodies in some curious wise the whole of the human destiny: archaic sites, but these are present all over the world, on all continents. Full Moon over Jerusalem, not the "City of peace", but as we say in Hebrew and also in Greek "ירושלום και "των Ιερυσαλημων" (of the "two dual Jerusalem), i.e. the City of Peaces, peaces from above and the peace from below, as mentioned at the entrance of the celebration of the Kol Nidrei (All the Vows) on the day of Atonement, Yom Kippur.

Happy feast of the two major Apostles recognized by all the Church: Peter who was also Kaipha (Aramaic) and Shimon-Simon son of Ionas, as referred in Matthew 10, 10 and who confessed Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah, not according to the will of blood and flesh. The very same name as the first priest Shimon Bar Iona who celebrated anew in the restaured Temple at Jerusalem after the exile in Babylone. Babylone, a city of perdition, abomination, but also the cradle of human consciousness that may err, wander, swindle to and fro, - Babel-Bavel = בבל as "confusion" and we do say in Hebrew "מבולבל''  - "confused, swirling, split in miknd and thoughts". This often happens at a lower level in the days of full moon, when both men and women can have their mood or ev en slightly lose their mind and balance.

Jerusalem: the ancient, historic and pre-historic as also the meta-historic kernel and very heart of our humanity so far men and women can be humane. It does not track back to some 10 000 years ago. Long long before, as pre-historic humans were drawing exceptional models of their environments, the ancestors did fathom their reality that remains our heritage and the first in-born insights of who we are. Before any coherent sound, language or written signs could be memorized, long before any clear awareness of the existence of the Most High, Master of the Creation and of the Universe.

The Saint apostles Peter and Paul are the columns of the Church, of the Early Church indeed, thus also calling all of us to be aware of the other Apostles and first heads of the local Churches from Jerusalem of Bishop James (Mar Yaakov -Mar Yakub), to Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople and Rome. The successors of saint Peter and Paul met recently in Jerusalem together with the successor of Saint James/Jacob. They reminded us of the existence of the possible entrance into the Empty Tomb of the Lord Jesus in Jerusalem.  This cannot be denied to any soul. They went together to the Golgotha.

We all in Jerusalem cry out to the resurrection as a Divine Providence share by the Father in Heaven: the Jewish communities have it daily with the blessing of the Lord of Universe Who resurrects the dead. There are layers of understanding of this confession. Between Jews and Christians and among the Christians. On the day of the Gregorian/Western feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul, the two Hierarchs from the Church in exile or outside of Jerusalem or expanding till the ends of the world and the universe did meet. This was a very sort "instant", paving the way to getting to the core of all the questions that do exist between the cradle Church born from the Roman Empire.

They were not lonely or gathering the fulfilment of the Church as being the Body of Christ. Today, we understand that their meeting was and is essential, it is a tiny moment that is further reaching out to all the existing local Church bodies that proclaim the reality of the Reign of the Father because He gives life, sustains life and maintains us all in life and grants us some conscience, understanding, beyond times of transgressions and mistaken wanderings.

Today, at the end of the Shabbat Pinchas, the Jewish community walks ahead to the fast day of the 17th of Tammuz on July 14 at night that commemorates the seizure of Jerusalem by the Romans and commences the three weeks of morning leading to the 9th of Av (on August 4-5th, 2014) and the "memorial of the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem".
Again, the Empty Tomb at the Anastasis (Church of the Resurrection) and the Temple Mount (הר הבית ובית המקדש - Mount of the House, Mount of the Most Holy Place/Sanctity). The "Temple was and remain invisibly "alive, living" according to the Jewish tradition. This thus means that our measures of times and delays are not under our control.

Everything tracks back to most ancient times. Times before we even could understand how to think or formulate or reflection. As written in the Jewish Tanya with much insights, the reality of coherent speech does not rely upon understandable physical evidence". It derives from a capacity that supersedes our own capacities.

There are times when the humans seem to be in need to lose their balance, showing that coherence and human stability is a true miracle. Imbalance and lack of equilibrium in society my also show when we are in sensitive moments of the pangs of birth. Don't be afraid, fear not - אל-תירא!

ав александр - av aleksandr\אב אלכסנדר

Wednesday, July 9, 2014

Spiritual care in times of hardships

While sending breaking news to my blogs and site on the situation as it mainly (not solely) happens, affects Israeli society and "Jewishness", some people may not see the connection with the Christian world, the local Churches in the Holy Land, in particular the Church of Jerusalem. We all ought to pray for them. At different levels.

To begin with, my "faithful" basically and essentially refer to Israeli society; they are Israeli citizens or "affiliated". Many are serving in the Army and relate to "unclear" backgrounds: they serve as "without denomination", though they would define themselves as Christian Orthodox. This aspect would be "hidden" while serving in the army.  Many would think their "faith, creed, religion" is unknown to TZaHaL. It is usually wrong, just because they cannot hide such appertainance, just for cultural reasons and by the way they behave.

They are not only "Russian, former Soviet", but also of Romanian, Serbian, Polish, Ukrainian, Belarussian, Georgian, Central Asian, Uyghur, as well as Ethiopian or whatsoever nationality in the army.

Then, there are the Jews who for some family or societal reasons are in contact with the Christians, esp. the Eastern Orthodox. Silence is a general rule as recently shown by the debate on how and why the Christian Israelis should serve; in most of modern countries, the Christian faithful have to accomplish their military service. This is a general rule and commandment also mentioned by Saint Paul (Romans 13,1 - 1 Tim. 2,2, inter alia in compliance with the tradition of the Jews). They subsequently have to be submitted to the national authorities. On the other hand, this means that many would prefer to be "released from serving", just as many, too many, do not volunteer, e.g. in the Magen David Adom. Some would search not to be considered as Christian inside the Army or to get a special certificate from their own Church of reference to be released (mainly women) from serving, in particular in war times.

In such a very special societal context and with regards to the specific possible backgrounds, I consider that each individual should feel free and not be judged.

While serving in the Israeli Army, each soldier (male or female) does show a real and required solidarity with the Jewish spirit and identity. This can be rejected by most of the Churches, but it is a simple matter of fact.It is a reality and also a question for the State as how it relates to the local Churches and their believers.

This explains that, by now, TzaHaL has not officially recognized any Christian denominational "chaplains". It does not mean they do not exist. Indeed, spiritual assistance or prayer in such a context requires to be most flexible, it is new for the Churches and interrogates as how to respond accordingly to the questions of young men and women involved in a common situation of quest. It is definitely not sufficient, as some clergy often do, to simply prohibit any involvement in the Israeli Army. This does not provide any spiritual assistance. Once the faithful are in the Army, they need prayers, real intercession, not because they may die or kill: they serve and have to do it with decency under the wings of Divine Providence.

It is absolutely not normal to go to war. know They may be called to kill or to be killed. They also have to keep silent and not reveal the actions they are doing. At all levels, all ages concerned, they are humans who have to be and feel humane. And most of all, because they are Israeli citizens, they have to "be one with the Jewish Israeli soldiers", even if there are a lot of secular, doubtful, all sort of believers (Buddhist and all other possible creeds, a lot of Messianics i.a.). At this point, this has nothing to do with politics. It is profoundly cultural, generational and societal.

The Churches are not prepared to exercize this spiritual assistance although they do exercize it in the  so-called "Christian-traditional" States and regions. They are also "estranged" in Israeli society. This should be taken into account and analyzed adequately, not in any sort of negative way. I would not give any examples, but do pray for some and do know that, for some guys and girls, such war crisis can help them to mature, feel as "growing up". Instead, it may deeply affect them, at times for the rest of their life in a very negative way. This is why all need assistance without any competition among the "spiritual guides", if any. It is a must, a positive commandment, to pray for the soldiers.

I am a Hebrew Christian priest inside of the Israeli society and thus have to be ready to answer, in all possible ways that are offered by modernity, to the need of those who serve in the Army of Israel. It is evident that I do pray for the "other side" (this is sometimes not easy to define what the "other side" is), Israeli Arabs who are definitely not in a secure and normal situation. They do exist. I do not discuss whether they have to serve or not to serve in times of war. They do exist and we cannot pass over the question in some "unconcerned" silence.

I have a lot of friends whose children are serving. They are Jews and have to feel they are understood and be comforted. It may sound bizarre: this is also a very peculiar call to the representatives of all religions to face reality. As men dedicated to God, they have to show their sense of moral, spiritual and theological responsibility.

Along with this, there is another concern about how the local members of the Churches feel. To be frank, they feel "low gear". They go through times of hardship. These are more than difficult because of the "low gear" position of the Churches, all of them. They do not feel as "part of the combatting society". Many would show some preference to one side. Nonetheless, a lot of "believers" do know that they are not fully accepted by either side as long as they refer to institutions that, at this point, "duly exist though only tolerated".

This has been the case in the Holy Land since the time very early times of Christianity, when the Achtiname granted in 638 AD. by Omar Ibn-al-Khattab to Patriarch Sophronios of Jerusalem. This edict, published each year in the calendar/ephemeride of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (in Greek, Arabic, Russian) reminds that, since the 15th year of the Spirit (Muslim Hegire), all the Christian denominations in the (Arab) Muslim-ruled countries are placed under the control and authority of the Islamic rules and regulations. It is still in force (Jordan and Palestinian Authority).
At this stage, as Chief Rabbi David Lau explained to Pope Francis, Israel does ensure the full equality of rights to all religions. Provided that, in the military service, things go about serving for the sake of the State of Israel. This is brand new for all the Church locally in presence.

This underscores that many "Church or religious representatives" behave as "foreigners" or, at least, as being "estranged" to the present society and Israeli structures. Most of them do know how to connect with the Jordanian and neighboring State authorities. Their position is often not evident. Still, there got some know-how over the ages.

Indeed, it maybe interesting to compare the situation with regards to Israeli Army with the endangered position of the religious representatives in the neighboring Middle-Eastern countries (Syria, Iraq) and to the unclear functions conceded to Christian military people at the moment.
All things being equal, there is a real spiritual and mostly human duty to face this problem as we know that the Gates of Prayer are open to all the humans.

Protopresbyter av aleksandr [Winogradsky Frenkel]

Wednesday, March 12, 2014

Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky and Ukraine-Rus (blog 2009)





The recent developments of Church relationships and difficulties in trying to resolve the numerous Church entities and multi-faceted "Eastern Orthodox and Eastern rite" bodies could lead to scan history as it appeared in the 20th century by the time of short independence of Ukraine after World War I. One of the elements that could allow a wide prospect of the situation and to compare with present-day evolution is to be found in the English version translated by Fr. Serge Keleher (+ in 2011) of the book written in French by Fr. Cyrille Korolevsky, a great friend and collaborator of Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky, Metropolitan of L'viv (L'vov, Lwów, Lemberg, Leopol).

I dedicated a lot of notes and articles to Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky. Born on 1865/07/29 in Prybylchi (Poland-Ukraine) he died on 1944/11/1 in L'viv. It is again and again possible to mention Prof. Gutman's (former Yad VaShem responsible) that this man of faith was beyond all standards and norms. He spent his life facing permanent aggression from many sides and still acted with wisdom and insights for the good of the Greek Catholic Church of Ukraine, in the mainland and abroad.
He allowed Metropolitan Evlogyi and Archbishop Vladimir appointed by Late St. Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow to reach France and thus to develop the Eastern Orthodox Russian presence in the West.
He is also without contest an exceptional and outstanding personality in the way he worked to help the comprehension of the Jewish identity and culture. In 1916, he organized a great pilgrimage to the Holy Land and there read and spoke Hebrew fluently. In his diocese/eparchy he could spontaneously met in Yiddish and Hebrew with the Jewish communities. We know at the present that he vehemently protested against the deportation and extermination of the Jews to Hitler and Himmler by sending telexes. His famous "Nie Ubyi/Не убий - Thou shalt not kill" pastoral letter sent to all the churches and priests under his responsibility remains a unique act of courage ever shown to that extent by a member of the Christian clergy and high hierarchy. Kurt Lewin ("A Journey Through Illusion" the book has been recently translated into Ukrainian) described how Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky directly saved numerous Jews and children by hiding then and protecting them.

Metropolitan Andrii was paralyzed and spent his time in a wheelchair during the last 15 years of his life, he could manage to control the Ukrainian Church in times of unbelievable turbulence, assisted by his brother, Fr. Klement, and a wide network of connections that still kept him isolated during the Communist regime and the second World War.

The Poles accused him of having left the Roman Rite in order to restore the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. He has been in contact with most of the contemporary thinkers (Metropolitan Evlogyi, Vladimir Soloviov) and helped create places of encounter between the Eastern and Western Churches, thus paving the way for a renewed dialogue, such as the Monastery at Chevetogne.
He has been considered as an "overall suspect": twice, he was obliged to manage the invasion of the German army that took control of the Ukraine (Western area) and then to combat the Nazis. He had to face the civil war in the Ukraine, the Bolshevik Revolution, the rise and power of the communists, twice and in different circumstances. Stalin did not dare (and this is also unique) touch the Greek Catholic clergy and waited till the 40th day of mourning was over to seize and deport the clergy.
He has been accused of treason and collaboration with the French and/or the Germans (World War I), the Nazis (World War II), the communists (in between and till his death). Strangely enough - though it is a typical habit, the archives that best depict his actions were to be found in the communist Soviet offices of the KGB.

I often mention his "trudy/труди - works" and would read his sermons or pastoral letters in Ukrainian in my church and on different occasions. This is a very simple matter: undoubtedly, Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky's attitudes and personality go far beyond the Ukrainian Church.
It would be a terrible mistake, that sadly often shows at the moment to make an icon of Metropolitan Andrii's dedication and venerate him as a Ukrainian nationalist. On the other hand, he was definitely aware - with the words, style and ideas of his time - that the Church that developed from Kiev and expanded in the Ukraine and the widespread Slavic areas has a specific universal role to play in the symphony of the Body of the Resurrected Lord.

This is not the way people would consider his path at the present. It is suspicious because his personality overgoes all the standards of the clergy hierarchy, in particular in such a troublesome region as Ukraine and the surrounding countries and cultures. He showed an exception character that was not to be found among the Christian clergy during the time of the Catastrophe. Conflicts are easier to mention than unity as he tried to achieve some of his goals in times of incredible hardships.
In Israel, Metropolitan Andrii's actions and thoughts should be a model of reflection upon the situation of Israeli society. Social and inter-cultural, ethnic, spiritual and political problems show intriguing parallels with our building of a new and unexpected human reality. Our society matches and gathers together Jews, Arabs and other ethnic groups, beyond and often against their own will or acceptance.

In many ways, Metropolitan Sheptytsky deals with something that is really close to our turmoil or contemporary "pangs of birth". He answered to hatred by love and strongly called to ethics and moral dynamics with faith.

I definitely do not intend to present the following excerpts of the above mentioned book by some political or religious a-priori's. I would not give an opinion about the troublesome religious situation in the Ukraine in the present. It would by just full of pretence and would restrict and fence the possibility that such a personality allows to open up as he did envision new prospects. Moreover, in the present context, this portion of the text is never referred to and is ignored. It shows that history in the region comes up and up again, with a constant mixture of call to opacity and blindness. As Raphael Lempkin stated with much insight and defined after World War II, the Slavic regions have no real in-depth experience of any legal structure. Therefore, until now, all the nations that live among the concerned people are systematically "slaughtered down" by the absence of real justice. Even Christian "righteousness" is deprived form the local cultural awareness and denied.
It is also worth noting how Metropolitan Andrii finally used to take decisions and keep on the line that underscores the spiritual benefits of the faithful, an aspect rarely expressed by the media nowadays.

Andrew proposed as Ukrainian Patriarch

"Among the many questions demanding the attention of the Ukrainian government (headed by Paul Skoropadsky in 1918-1919) the ecclesiastical organization for the country. What Catholic organization was left in Tsarist Ukraine was all Roman, except for the small Greek-Catholic group which was just beginning to organize at Kiev. Only later, under Petliura's government, was Ukraine represented at the Holy See, first by Count Michael Tyszkiewicz, the scion of an old Ukrainian family which had been Romanised like so many others, and then when the Count was sent to Paris as head of the Ukrainian delegation at the peace conference, by Father François-Xavier Bonne, a Belgian Redemptorist who was serving as a Greek-Catholic so as to help the Ukrainian immigrants in Canada. Father Bonne had come to Galicia and in Count Bobrinskoy's time was named eclesiastical administrator of the district of Ternopil - since he was a Belgian citizen, Bobrinskoy did not dare to expel him. For the moment, Skoropadsky was only concerned for the Orthodox Church.

There of the Russian Church, at the moment when the Bolsheviks were taking power in Moscow. were two parties. Those favourable to a future accord with Russia would wish an arrangement with Patriarch Tikhon (Beliavin) of Moscow, elected on 28 October (O.S.) 1917 by the National Council of the Russian Church, at a moment when the Bolsheviks were taking power in Moscow. In Kiev, this party recognized Metropiltan Anthony (Khrapovitsky), former Archbishop of Volyn, who had been one of the most active propagandists for Orthodoxy in Galicia; he was confirmed as Metropolitan of Kiev by Patriarch Tikhon. Those who demanded complete independence for Ukraine also had to demand ecclesiastical independence with a Ukrainian chief hierarch, according to the customs of the Orthodox Church. As the two groups did not come to any understanding, a council was called for 21 JUne 1918. The autocephalist party dreamed of establishing a Patriarchate at Kiev, like the one in Moscow, although Kiev had nver had a Patriarchate - historically Kiev had been a dependency of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

An attentive observer will realize that the autocephalist party was moved purely by nationalist considerations and thought very little of dogma. This group actually ofered the patriarchal throne to the one who most represented the Ukrainian world in his own person, Metropolitan Andrew Sheptytsky - who was in communion with the Holy See of Rome. If this proposal would have been accomplished it would have had vast consequences, when one considers the significance of ecclesiastical communion according to the Orthodox understanding. Ecclesiastical communion depends uniquely on the head of the particular Church, whom the metropolitans and bishops solemnly commemorate during the services. If this chief hierarch is Catholic, his whole Church is Catholic in view of his communion with the Pope. Since the only point of doctrine which matters for the great majority of the people, and even for the lower clergy, is the recognition of the Papal primacy of honour and jurisdiction, the election of Metropolitan Andrew would have reunited Ukraine to the Catholic Church in one moment. Although this prospect was dubious, one can understand how seriously he took it. However he had to set clearly in a letter to Archduke Wilhelm, the son of Archduke Charles Stephan, the Austrian candidate for an eventual Ukrainian throne. The draft of this letter was later found when the Poles searched the Metropolitan's palace in L'viv; the Poles published it with a photographic facsimile of the beginning and the essential section, in an effort to prove the Metropolitan's political intrigues. No résumé could replace the actual text:

"L'viv, 13 June 1918
I have learned htat one party of the general Synod of the Ukrainian Church which is to assemble one the 21st of this month (the letter is dated) is thinking of offering me the dignity of Ukrainian Patriarch. This initiative is both an expression of opposition to the election of Anthony as Metropolitan of Kiev and a concrete affirmation of the autocephaly, Although the reactionaries are mortally opposed to autocephaly, it nevertheless is the wish of the Ukrainians. The Hetman (Paul Skoropadsky at that time) has declared that if the Synod does not come to a decision on the matter, he will have to grant the autocephaly himself. Should the first eventuality come to pass, I shall inform Your Imerial Highness of the matter andof my eventual position in the affair. I could only accept an absolutely free election by a large majority which would thus have canonical value according to the principles of the Eastern Church. It goes without saying that such an election would by its very fact mean an acceptance of the Church Union. For the moment, the powers which I have received from Pope Pius X are sufficient. Naturally, I should also ask the assent of His Majesty.

"At L'viv it is difficult for me to have more exact information. Since people know that I have been in favour of this idea for a long time, they urge me to prepare the election by some propaganda. In principle I would not want to do this, and anyway there is not enough time. If Your Imperial Highness knows or should learn anything on this matter, I would be most grateful to have the information..."
One mus read this letter with great attention. It shows that the Metropolitan was favourable to the idea of the autonomy of the Church in Ukraine, which is completely in accord with the principles of the Eastern Church and to the current practice of the Catholic Church, with the proper understanding of the term "autonomy". In the seventeenth century, there was a proposal to erect a Patriarchate at Kiev, and Propaganda considered the matter; I have found (says Fr. Cyrille Korolevsky) the proof in the archives and the copy I made was in the Metropolitan's hands. He read everything I sent him with the greatest attention. On principle, he did not wish to do anything for his personal advantage. He saw a means to joint the whole of Ukraine to the Catholic Church, provided that the election was done by a large majority, which would have assured stability. of jurisdiction of the Pope, who would have had to confirm this election. And in the Metropolitan's view, such an offer would mean, in practice, the acceptance of church union, that is the recognition of the primacy of the jurisdiction of the Pope, who would have had to confirm this election. No Catholic bishop in the Metropolitan's position could have acted more appropriately and more prudently.

As to Skoropadsky's conviction that he himself could grant the autocephaly, no one who knows Orthodox practice will be surprised, because for the Orthodox Church the supreme authority after Christ - Who is no longer on earth - is the Ecumenical Council, but such a Councilsince 787 (the Orthodox do not consider the council has not been held of 869 which condemned Photius ecumenical). The Romanian Patriarchate was founded on 4 February 1925 by the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church and received legal sanction from the Kingdom of Romania on 12 February of that year. Only afterwards was the assent of the Patriarchate of Constantinople requested - Constantinople did not refuse. It was the same for the Bulgarians, although in that case Constantinople took longer to concede. According to the principles of the Orthodox Church, the Patriarchate of Constantinople has a primacy of honour, but no primacy of jurisdiction.

But back to Kiev. The party opposed to a complete break with Russia gained the upper hand so the idea of autocephaly for the Church of Kiev was abandoned by the Council. Was the whole idea viable? Certainly not: Kyr Andrew (Sheptytsky) would have had the greatest difficulties to convince the bishops to accept the primacy of the Pope, let alone the other controverted dogmas, and there would eventually have been an internal schism."
...
The Polish-Russian armistice was signed on 11 October and ratified by the Polish Diet on the 23rd. The definite treaty was made on 18 March 1921".

Excerpts from: Cyril Korolevsky: Metropolitan Andrew (1865-1944), translated and revised by Serge Keleher, L'viv 1993, pp. 213-217). The original book by Fr. Cyrille Korolevsky - born Jean-François Charon at Caen (France). His account in French is difficult to read because of the many mistakes in French. He was a brilliant priest and had spent most of his life in th service of the Eastern Churches. His testimony gives a unique description of the multi-faceted and numerous problems that Metropolitan had to face during his long pastoral service of the Greek-Catholic Church in the Ukraine and abroad, in particular in North and South America. He was very capable and acute. His testimony is indeed essential at the present because his had envisioned the many developments that show up at the present in a very troublesome situation. Nonetheless, being a French by birth and having open-minded views and prospects on the Eastern Middle-Eastern and Slavic Churches, he describes the facts with much distance that a local specialist would hardly reach. His book "Métropolite André Szeptyckyj, 1865-1944 - was published in Rome in 1964 in "Працi Украïнського Богословського Наукового Товариства - Opera Theologicae Societatis Scientificae Ucrainorum - vol. XVI-XVII with a preface by Cardinal Eugène Tisserant, one of the greatest specialist of Eastern Churches.

Incidentally, it should be noted that Cardinal E. Tisserant, Prefect of the Oriental Churches, pleaded the cause of the first Hebrew-praying four Roman Catholic priests who celebrated in the language in 1952; he had stressed that the Chaldean Oriental rite was the most adequate, but the Western origin of the concerned clergy drove it to full Latinization. N.B. "Hebrew in the Church of Jerusalem" has been in use by the blessing of a remarkable translation by Fr. Levinson of the Divine Liturgy by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow in 1852, i.e. before the restoration of the Patriarchate of Moscow.I use this text because of its official recognition, validity and real beauty.
It should be noted that the above mentioned quotation from a specific situation confronted by late Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky should correctly be understood. In his quotation and comments, Fr. Cyril Korolevsky draw the attention of the readers to very special points. These are very parallel to the situation that the Eastern Orthodox Church is embattled with at the present in Ukraine. The excerpts are followed by a clairvoyant description of the dangers that Ukraine can both generate and be obliged to affront from the part of the Poles, the Central European Powers and Russia. Interestingly "za kordonu = at the frontier, on the rope of the border that has always been difficult to determine". As if the "cord", also maybe mostly in a spiritual connection would imply the emergence of a lot of unexpected and "imperiling" factors. We should also keep in mind that the history of the Church of the Rus' of Kiev and then Moscow has been tragic over the centuries. It has been deeply assaulted by invaders coming from Asia (Mongols, Tatars) and from the West (Poland, Lithuania).
Nonetheless, Eastern Orthodox Churches of the Rus' have also been also influenced by the Westerners, both the Latins and the Protestants that introduced special habits that were not present in the Greek tradition (Holy Confession).

This text should be measured adequately. It shows one or two invariants and also refers to constant traditions of the Eastern Orthodox Churches that should normally be respected by the Oriental Churches united to Rome. A last remark that is very rarely mentioned. The Second Council of Vatican was adopted by the Roman Church and its Oriental components, provided that the Patriarchs heading the Oriental Churches would confirm and ratify the decision upon their return to their local ecclesiastical areas. This had not been done. They never convoked the concerned Synods for different reasons. Some Churches - like the Greek-Catholics/Melkites - claim to adopt the decisions of the Council with the provision that the Eastern Orthodox Churches would also join in such decisions, which can hardly be the case for the moment. It is evident that the Roman clergy and faithful are not directly concerned or aware of this pending situation.

The Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine (Акт проголошення незалежності України) was passed on August 24, 1991 by the Ukrainian Parliament and widely confirmed by the referendum dated December 1, 1991 (90% of the voters). This happened 18 years ago and the National Day will take place on forthcoming Monday 24th of August 2009.

With regard to the exceptional personality of Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky and the "above any sort of nationalism" position that he adopted, this text, as many others readily quoted in other notes and articles would bring some light on how to go ahead with God's assistance.

av aleksandr [Winogradsky Frenkel]

Thursday, March 6, 2014

Franciscan Exhibition on Patriarchal and Papal visit in 1964

Is it a sign from the « Holy  and substantial and life-giving and indivisible Trinity » [Byzantine Matins, Orthros] that we are gathered today to recall and celebrate the encounter of Pope Paul VI, head of the Roman Catholic Church with the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople ? Great Lent has just started for all the Christians who live in Jerusalem, the Holy Land till the farthest places of the world. The Orthodox continuous prayer states : « Κύριε Ἰησοῦ Χριστέ, Υἱὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἐλέησόν με τὸν ἁμαρτωλόν/ Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, the sinner ». We all turn to  the « Only One Lord » (stanza repeated during Great Lent) to highlight the significant meeting that took place in the City of the Resurrection of the Lord and at the Mount of Olives, looking ahead of the Eschaton, the Second Coming of the Messiah.

We just celebrated, in 2013, the 1700th anniversary of the Edict of Milan that so meaningfully reminds us of the official recognition and tolerance of the Christian faith in the Roman Empire. We are thus called to face history and cope with its length, its depth. When  John XXIII has been elected as the Bishop of Rome, Patriarch Athenagoras sent his envoy, Archbishop Iakovos of the Archdiocese of America, to greet the new Pope at Rome. This was the first contact of this nature since May 1547.  

The Eastern Orthodox Church is essentially inspired by the power and the communion of the Holy Spirit. Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople heard of the pilgrimage that Pope Paul VI intended to do to Jerusalem and the Holy Land fifty years ago, namely in 1963, as the Second Council of the Vatican was on its way and would be closed on December 8, 1965.

The anecdote is known : the Ecumenical Patriarch decided to come to Jerusalem «to say 'Good Morning' to my beloved brother the Pope. You must remember that it is five hundred years since we have spoken to each other!", he declared. At the Mount of Olives, they were welcomed by Patriarch Benediktos of Jerusalem,  who had participated in the three sessions of the Pan-Orthodox Meetings at Rhodos.

The three heads of the Churches met on January 5th, 1964, on the eve of the Eastern Orthodox Feast of the Nativity. « We did achieve something positive today » the Ecumenical Patriarch declared.
The journey to the Holy Land gave a special impulse to the Churches and this concerns all of the denominations that are present in Jerusalem at the present. Looking backward into the past fifty years, it is possible to say that the slow reconnection between the Churches inside of the Roman Empire of the East and the West rose from the dramatic events that had happened throughout 900 years of estrangement, in particular after the two World Wars.

During the Second Vatican Council, the Church of Rome positively considered the Eastern Orthodox traditions, especially that of the Greek and Hellenistic sources that have constantly been impacting the initial Church of Jerusalem and the nearby original Pentarchy, the five first Patriarchates. Today, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem have been expanding all over the Earth. In 1962-65, the Church of Rome reflected upon the importance of different matters that have always been vivid in the Orthodox Traditions : the recognition of the Local Churches, the role of the Liturgies (Invocation to the Holy Spirit, Communion to both Body and Blood of the Lord during the Eucharist), the discipline of the Church (diaconate, role of the lay people), the Christian sources of the Fathers of the Church, the use of the local languages, the icons.

The most important decision was taken on December 7th, 1965, with the lifting the anathemas dating of 1054, simultaneously decreed by Patriarch Athenagoras and Pope Paul VI in Rome. In this respect, Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople acted as the « Primus inter pares » of the Orthodox Churches at a time when most of these Churches were not free or underground. Many things have been launched after this « encounter in the name of Love ». They will further be discussed as new times have shown only 20 years ago and the re-deployment of the Eastern Orthodox Churches throughout the world.

Fifty years have passed. A glimpse of time and still… On October 26, 1965, the relics of Saint Sabbas the Sanctified (– a contemporary of Saint Benedict – ) the founder of the Palestinian monasticism were returned to Patriarch Benediktos of Jerusalem by Pope Paul VI. It caused a huge movement of joy and profound emotion among the Christians of Jerusalem. The atmosphere was radiant and exceptional. On November 12, 1965, the body of the Saint came to rest at Mar Sabbas Monastery that he had initiated in 483 A.D. It has also a strong « liturgical » meaning because the monastic Typikon of the « Byzantine rite » as defined by Mar Sabbas became the primordial Church Order of the Jerusalem Prayer Services that progressively spread among all the Eastern Churches.
It is quite important that we can be present these days in Jerusalem on the wake of the visit that Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomaios of Constantinople and Pope Francis of Rome will make to the Church of the Resurrection, hosted by Patriarch Theophilos of Jerusalem, the spiritual son and successor of Patriarch Benediktos of Jerusalem.

(text of my "lecture" for the opening of the Franciscan exhibition on the the 50th anniversary of the visit of Pope Paul VI and his encounter with Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople at Jerusalem, with Patriarch Benediktos of Jerusalem).

Archpriest Alexander Winogradsky
Jerusalem, March 6, 2014



Thursday, February 20, 2014

Metropolitan Sheptytsky and present-day movements in Ukraine


 The situation in Ukraine questions in many ways. Corruption, inter-faith, connectedness or splits with Russia. There are different aspects that show the present-day Republic of Ukraine as a multi-faceted territory with different members of a mixed up nation. Do Ukrainians exist as such at the moment? Who is who, where, in what tongue, dialect, nationality, culture, mental references? There is the West, born from a rather Ukrainian-speaking tradition, former Habsburg and K u. K. region for the most, captured by the Russians, penetrated by the Slovaks, the Poles, the Romanians with the Russyn specificity in Trans-Carpathia.
 
In the East, the language is more russified, Russian is daily thinking and way of understanding history, economics. In the South, an embattled situation: approaching Odesa some years ago, I was told that they felt Russian and not Ukrainian even if the people do speak a mixture of the two Slavic tongues. Crimea thinks Russia/Russian, whilst the Gagauze are Turkish speakers, there are the Bessarabians and "Modovians", people of German, Georgian, Romanian, Bulgarian and still the Jews in this historic cradle of "European if not Aryan" linguistic and mentally characterized region that spread to all directions till Caucasus and Persia. In the first centuries A.D., the Greek have been quite present as also the Jews, then the Khazars and the Muslims.

Ukraine is and remains "on a rope/ za kordonu - за кордону", i.e. a region that, by nature and some cultural, identity and spiritual call has the task to link and not to control, to open the ways to vast and contrasted sectors of activities and historic prospects without playing, for now so many centuries, any ruling and decisional role.

Corruption is seemingly everywhere and mainly - so far it is confirmed and can be checked adequately - affects the authorities, the government, the police, the army, also the way the ordinary people out there in the country-side have lost the fundamentals of decency and self-control. There are very decent people in Ukraine, but relations are often and naturally "twisting", even when there could be some rectitude. The problem is to know whether the country does exist. Is it not merely a "robot" born out of the collapse of the Russian Revolution and the thirst for a national self-ruled state, a republic that has started with the help of the Germans and the "German-speaking and Alemanic cultural Empires of Central Europe and the German Reich of Kaiser Wilhelm II". Subsequently, Europe is important, Western religious and Christian prospects showed to be essential, but they could not break through for a long period of time. Rather, Western "intruders" crossed the "rope" and got swallowed: this did affect the Orthodox Church and the presence of the Catholics, Calvinists (15th century), the Lutheran and all possible splits that are present in the country for the moment.
This also explains why Germany is indeed capable to envision the situation while the Europeans as a whole are not that concerned or don't have the parameters to get to the core of the local embattled issues.
 
Ukraine is also the mother of the officially baptized Rus' of Kiev/Kyiv. This relates to the baptism that has rather been "imposed" by saint Vladimir (Volodymyr, Valdemar), a man of the Viking (Variag) tribes that had penetrated the immense territories of what further on developed int oRussia, Belarussia (White Russia or Belarus) and the Ukraine. Ukraine is merely a vast territory annexed by Catherine the Great for some regions but kept as "on the frontiers and barriers" of the Empire, always fencing and protecting the Empire form all the Asian invaders and the Polish-Lithuanian threats.

More than 170 years ago, empoverished Ukrainians (say to begin with those from the Western region of the Ukraine), used to travel and earn some money in North and South America. They are still very present in the Canadian Provinces of the West from Saskachewan to British Columbia and of course in the North of the United States. Other chose South America and Argentina for a great part.

The problem is growing as years pass: who is the true Rus'? Where is the authentic Rus', if any? Who is or are the heirs of the Kievan Rus'?
The question may sound a bit bizarre. It is not. Over a century, the Church in the Russian Empire has survived as an undergrounds network of different jurisdictions. The Russian Orthodox Church has come out only twenty (20) years ago and quickly evolves, spreads, builds, creates structural bodies and call to priesthood, new forms of laity and re-deploys in new styles its dioceses/eparchies by appointing new bishops - hierarchs. The task is huge, impressive. It is brand new. The West had not really been prepared or gotten aware to witnessing to such a strong, powerful revival. Things cannot be perfects, there are a lot of defective aspects. Still, the re-deployment of the Orthodox Church in the lands of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova (as pointed by Patriarch Kyrill of Moscow and All Russia) is a tantamount work, born from the apostasy during the time of the communists. It is being built upon the ruins of communism and the people who join the Church have often been the members of the communist personnel, for some odd reasons or out of true convictions.
This makes the situation quite subtle for many and not quite understandable for the Westerners.
For decades, the Roman Catholic (Latin rite) Church had been convinced that the fall of communism will lead to a full renewal of the faith in the post-Tsarist and post-Soviet Empire and that they would join the Church of Rome. The Kievan Rus' had been baptized in 988 AD., i.e. - and Vladimir Soloviev pointed out - that it has not been submitted to the East-West Roman Empire Church Great Schism by the time of its adoption of Christianity, even in the Byzantine rite and cultural style.

The Catholic Church has strongly influenced the local Churches, but as coming from the West. Again and again, there is a permanent framing out of the Slavic area out of fear of external threats, especially from the Westerners. When the Russian Orthodox Church could re-develop in the immense territories of the former Empire, it got embattled with some other spiritual influences as also with traditionally very important Church, e.g. the Patriarchate of Georgia, on of the first autocephalous Churches of the Eastern tradition.

Ukraine has been a Soviet Republic, merely to make some balance with the West at the United Nation Organization. After 1994, the new republic had to find its way to true self-ruling and independence. In short, the Churches flourished in an area that is driven by the muli-creative aspect if not need for spiritual diversity and various "tastes". The Baptists, Evangelicals, Messianics showed; some of these groups had strongly supported the underground Orthodox Church in times of hardships. The Catholics have always been present - the Greek Catholic (Ukrainian) also called "Uniates", the Armenians, the Melkites (along with Antioch), the Nestorians/Assyrians and the large number of the Protestant Churches or "sects" (though the word is too deprecating in many ways).

With regards to the Greek Catholic Church of the Ukraine (Halych, Galicia, Kyiv and Lv'iv, Lemberg [Lwów, Lvov, Leopol]), it strongly revived under the exceptional impulse given by the outstanding personality of Metropolitan Andrew Sheptytsky, Archbishop major of Lviv, often called "Patriarch" and whose personality influenced the whole of the Church. He had large views, prospects, visited North and South America, developed and trained his clergy and lay people. He journeyed with a large group to the Holy Land in 1916 and used to read Hebrew fluently (he also spoke Yiddish). He wrote and led with the help of his brother Klement (actually canonized by the Catholic Church and recognized as a Righteous from the Nations by Yad VaShem, Israel, which is not the case for the Metropolitan) an  Synod during the Second World War and saved a lot of Jews with much respect for their identity. He led this Synod from his wheel-chair and quite in full solitude. He died on November 1, 1944 and the Soviet authorities waited till the end of the 40 days of mourning before they started deporting the major part of the Greek Catholic Ukrainian clergy.

Metropolitan Andrii Sheptytsky was not a nationalist. His writings are too often misused for the benefit of "Ukrainian identity and national purposes". His pastoral and liturgical works were conducted with the aim at uniting the Eastern traditions of the Slavic Byzantine Churches. He reinvigorated the Ukrainian rite that had been widely "westernized and latinized". He was linked by his family backgrounds to the historic heads of the Kievan Church.
As Metropolitan Euloge, who was sent to Europe by Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow and had retained Metro. Andrii in jail for a while in Russia before the Bolshevik Revolution, wrote in his memories, he had been heartfeltly been welcomed by the Metropolitan at Lviv on his way to Europe and Metro. Andrii also helped him and his assistance Archbishop Vladimir to get the required laissez-passers for France via his connection with Georges Clémenceau.
 
This means that he showed to be a "man of the Ecclesia Universa" as the original Pentarchy is indeed both "Catholic (Κath'olon/Καθ'ολον = open to the totality, to all and all things) and Orthodox (Orthodoksis\Ορθοδοξις = true faith, upright and just, authentic faith).

This is why the absence of Metropolitan Sheptytsky is felt in the present context of fightings, violence at Kiev in Ukraine. Some people - both clergy and lay people - may pretend that he is "invisibly" referred to. But there is not evidence that he is really mentioned in the actual environment and circumstances.

Metropolitan Andrew Sheptytsky has always been involved and interested in social affairs. On the other hand, he was very prudent with regards to the participation of the clergy in social demonstrations and movements for some specific reasons that are not linked to any sort of national, religious, spiritual putting aside or backlaid attitudes. It was more acute and insightful. Here is a first text as published in the book "Christian Social Ethics in Ukraine, the legacy of Andrei Sheptytsky" by Andrii Krawchuk, (Ottawa 1997, pp. 15-16):

"(A third area into which) Sheptytsky introduced adjustments was the social content of preaching. Excessive zeal had led some priests to preach their own social message in church. While Metropolitan Sheptytsky encouraged his priests to prepare for social action through intensive study of the social question and to acquaint themselves with the existing and theoretical and practical literature on the subject ("Перше слово растирія", 1900), he also emphasized that they were not permitted to theorize or expostulate on socio-economic matters from the pulipt. A sermon was to remain the word of God, dealing only with the truth of the faith and morality. Not even the social activity of a priest, which was recognized as a necessary part of his pastoral ministry, could be the subject of a sermon if it did not deal directly with faith and morality. The only items relating to social action that could be inorporated int osermons were the church's principles, which the Metropolitan summarized in five these: 1) that religion and morality are not private matters, but have social significance; 2) that in accordance with divine and natural law, a man may acquire and hold privtae property; 3) that all people ar equal in their nature and in the ultimate purpose of their life, but not in status, particular rights, or authority, and that striving for equality in everything is utopian; 4) that family bonds are sacred according to nature and natural law, and whoever undremines those bonds shakes the foundations of human happiness; and 5) that socialism, which rejects these truths, is hostile to God, the church, the faith and the good of the people.

This restriction of the content of the sermons was intended to prevent any confusion between Christianity and socialism or between a priest's pastorla and social roles.
The corrective limits on social action were not the only practical significance of the guidelines. The Metropolitan did, after all, strongly support his church's involvement in social action. He had indicated his perception of the universal social mission of the Church in 1900, as bishop of Stanyslaviv:

"Even today, [the Church] still has the same power [as before], which comforts the dying prisoner and the African Negro (sic) and enlightens the aboriginal American Indians; which stands up throughout the whole world in defence of the poor and does not hesitate, when necessary, boldly to level an accusation of lawlessness and injustice at even the greatest lords and princes of the world...".
This is not the purpose to assess the accuracy of this appraisal of the contemporary church's global social commitment, but only to indicate the kind of Christian social mission with which Sheptytsky was explicitly prepared to identify himself.

Note that Metropolitan Sheptytsky composed a prayer for the Ukrainian people that further confirmed his concern for their progress: "Bestow your blessing also upon the temporal welfare of our people, allowing them to develop the natural strengths that you have given them, grant them true and unspoiled enlightment, bless their work in all fields of science and welfare..." [Molytva za ruskyi narid/Молитва за рускії нарід, in Bozha Siiba, Zhovkva, 1913, p. 131.
The views of the Metropolitan are interesting and should, even with the gap of time that has passed, serve to envision a correct approach of the spiritual stand.
 
(to be continued in views of the Ukrainian situation)

protopresbyter Av Aleksandr [Winogradsky Frenkel]
Jerusalem